Soziale Normbotschaften können Verhalten beeinflussen, können aber je nach Formulierung auch unerwünschte Normen verstärken. Der Claim ist verifiziert und kann als Evidence Path in Audits genutzt werden, wenn Kontext und beobachtbares Seitenmerkmal passen. Evidenzgrad A.
Soziale Normbotschaften können Verhalten beeinflussen, können aber je nach Formulierung auch unerwünschte Normen verstärken. Der Claim ist verifiziert und kann als Evidence Path in Audits genutzt werden, wenn Kontext und beobachtbares Seitenmerkmal passen.
Status: supported. Evidenzgrad: A. Konfidenz: high. Dieser Claim ist verifiziert, weil 11 Supporting-Study-Verknüpfung(en) im Evidence Graph vorhanden sind.
How effective are social norms interventions in changing the clinical behaviours of healthcare workers? A systematic review and meta-analysis.: Evidenzgrad A, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.022.
Tang, M. Y., Rhodes, S., Powell, R., McGowan, L., Howarth, E., Brown, B., & Cotterill, S. (2021). How effective are social norms interventions in changing the clinical behaviours of healthcare workers? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Implementation science : IS. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.022
Wichtig: Healthcare workers perform clinical behaviours which impact on patient diagnoses, care, treatment and recovery. Some methods of supporting healthcare workers in changing their behaviour make use of social norms by exposing healthcare workers to the beliefs, values, attitudes or behaviours of a reference group or person. This review aimed to evaluate evidence on (i) the effect of social norms interventions on healthcare worker clinical behaviour change and (ii) the contexts, modes of delivery and behaviour change techniques (BCTs) associated with effectiveness. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Searches were undertaken in seven databases. The primary outcome was compliance with a desired healthcare worker clinical behaviour and the secondary outcome was patient health outcomes. Outcomes were converted into standardised mean differences (SMDs). We performed meta-analyses and presented forest plots, stratified by five social norms BCTs (social comparison, credible source, social reward, social incentive and information about others' approval). Sources of variation in social norms BCTs, context and mode of delivery were explored using forest plots, meta-regression and network meta-analysis. Combined data from 116 trials suggested that social norms interventions were associated with an improvement in healthcare worker clinical behaviour outcomes of 0.08 SMDs (95%CI 0.07 to 0.10) (n = 100 comparisons), and an improvement in patient health outcomes of 0.17 SMDs (95%CI 0.14 to 0.20) (n = 14), on average. Heterogeneity was high, with an overall I2 of 85.4% (healthcare worker clinical behaviour) and 91.5% (patient health outcomes). Credible source was more effective on average, compared to control conditions (SMD 0.30, 95%CI 0.13 to 0.47, n = 7). Social comparison also appeared effective, both on its own (SMD 0.05, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.08, n = 33) and with other BCTs, and seemed particularly effective when combined with prompts/cues (0.33, 95%CI 0.22 to 0.44, n = 5). Social norms interventions appeared to be an effective method of changing the clinical behaviour of healthcare workers and have a positive effect on patient health outcomes in a variety of health service contexts. Although the overall result is modest and variable, there is the potential for social norms interventions to be applied at large scale. PROSPERO CRD42016045718 .
Pay-what-you-want, identity, and self-signaling in markets: Evidenzgrad B, Risk of Bias Moderate, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120893109.
Gneezy, A., Gneezy, U., Riener, G., & Nelson, L. D. (2012). Pay-what-you-want, identity, and self-signaling in markets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120893109
Wichtig: PWYW führte nicht automatisch zu mehr Käufen.
Attention to Social Comparison Information: An Individual Difference Factor Affecting Consumer Conformity: Evidenzgrad C, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.1086/209231.
Bearden, W. O., & Rose, R. L. (1990). Attention to Social Comparison Information: An Individual Difference Factor Affecting Consumer Conformity. Journal of Consumer Research. https://doi.org/10.1086/209231
Wichtig: Interpersonal influence in consumer behavior is moderated by the extent of consumer sensitivity to social comparison information concerning product purchase and usage behavior (cf. Calder and Burnkrant 1977). Two survey studies indicate that Lennox and Wolfe's (1984) attention-to-social-comparison-information (AT-SCI) scale has adequate convergent and discriminant validity and moderates the relative influence of normative consequences on behavioral intentions, as predicted. A quasi-experiment and an experiment in which control subjects under no social pressure are compared with high and low ATSCI subjects under pressure reveal that high ATSCI subjects are more likely to comply with normative pressures.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of social norms messaging approaches for improving health behaviours in developed countries.: Evidenzgrad A, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0080.
Papakonstantinou, T., Flecke, S. L., Edmunds, C. E. R., Cross, R., Tran, A., & Gold, N. (2025). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of social norms messaging approaches for improving health behaviours in developed countries. Nature human behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0080
Wichtig: Social norms approaches have been widely applied in health promotion as a cost-effective behaviour-change strategy, but have been little evaluated as a whole. We conducted a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials using social norms messaging in developed countries targeted at changing health behaviours among 16+-year-olds to evaluate their effectiveness. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, TRIP, Cochrane and grey literature sources. Risk of bias was assessed independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. A random-effects meta-analysis standardized effect sizes to Cohen's d, assessed heterogeneity with I² and applied robust Bayesian meta-analysis to adjust for publication bias. Searches resulted in 89 studies (n = 85,759), which exhibited a small effect of social norms messaging on health behaviours (Cohen's d = 0.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.09, 0.19], P < 0.001). However, this effect disappeared after controlling for publication bias. We conducted moderator analyses, finding no significant differences from the overall effect for different types of social norms message, delivery modalities, health domains or target populations. The review is limited by the lack of studies assessing whether normative information changed participant perceptions, inconsistent use of manipulation checks, and high heterogeneity across studies in terms of target behaviour, population and intervention delivery, affecting the robustness of conclusions. Our analysis suggests that when appropriately controlling for publication bias, social norms messages are not effective at improving health behaviours. Thus, future attempts at improving public health should focus on alternative approaches.
A Systematic Review of Nudge Interventions to Optimize Medication Prescribing.: Evidenzgrad B, Risk of Bias Moderate, DOI: 10.1111/acem.13690.
Talat, U., Schmidtke, K. A., Khanal, S., Chan, A., Turner, A., Horne, R., Chadborn, T., Gold, N., Sallis, A., & Vlaev, I. (2022). A Systematic Review of Nudge Interventions to Optimize Medication Prescribing. Frontiers in pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13690
Wichtig: Workflow-nahe Stewardship-/Nudge-Komponenten reduzierten unangemessene Entscheidungen.
The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms: Evidenzgrad B, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x.
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x
Wichtig: Despite a long tradition of effectiveness in laboratory tests, normative messages have had mixed success in changing behavior in field contexts, with some studies showing boomerang effects. To test a theoretical account of this inconsistency, we conducted a field experiment in which normative messages were used to promote household energy conservation. As predicted, a descriptive normative message detailing average neighborhood usage produced either desirable energy savings or the undesirable boomerang effect, depending on whether households were already consuming at a low or high rate. Also as predicted, adding an injunctive message (conveying social approval or disapproval) eliminated the boomerang effect. The results offer an explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggest how such appeals should be properly crafted.
Social Norms Change and Tobacco Use: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions.: Evidenzgrad A, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.1126/science.1255484.
Lahiri, S., Bingenheimer, J. B., Evans, W. D., Wang, Y., Dubey, P., & Snowden, B. (2021). Social Norms Change and Tobacco Use: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions. International journal of environmental research and public health. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255484
Wichtig: Tobacco use kills more than eight million individuals each year, and results in substantial economic and human capital loss across nations. While effective supply-side solutions to tobacco control exist, these approaches are less effective at promoting cessation among heavy smokers, and less feasible to implement in countries with weaker tobacco control policy environments. Thus, effective demand-side solutions are needed. Shifting social norms around tobacco use is one such promising approach. To this end, a systematic review and meta-analysis of social norms intervention studies to influence tobacco use will be conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidance. Tobacco intervention studies with at least two time points that explicitly mention social norms or social influence as part of an intervention or set of measured variables will be included. Literature sources will comprise PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Trial Registry, as well as several grey literature sources. Two reviewers will independently screen studies, and risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 and ROBINS-I tools. The primary outcomes will be change in tobacco use and change in social norms. A random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted for both outcomes. Sources of heterogeneity will be explored using meta-regression with key covariates. Non-reporting biases will be explored using funnel plots. PROSPERO: CRD42021251535.
The impact of social norms interventions on clinical behaviour change among health workers: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.: Evidenzgrad A, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-56.
Cotterill, S., Powell, R., Rhodes, S., Brown, B., Roberts, J., Tang, M. Y., & Wilkinson, J. (2019). The impact of social norms interventions on clinical behaviour change among health workers: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic reviews. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-56
Wichtig: Health workers routinely carry out clinical behaviours, such as prescribing, test-ordering or hand-washing, which impact on patient diagnoses, care, treatment and recovery. Social norms are the implicit or explicit rules that a group uses to determine values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours. A social norms intervention seeks to change the clinical behaviour of a target health worker by exposing them to the values, beliefs, attitudes or behaviours of a reference group or person. This study aims to find out whether or not social norms interventions are effective ways of encouraging health workers to carry out desired behaviours and to identify which types of social norms intervention, if any, are most effective. A systematic review will be conducted. The inclusion criteria are a population of health professionals, a social norms intervention that seeks to change a clinical behaviour, and randomised controlled trials. Searches will be undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, British Nursing Index, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane trials. Titles and abstracts will be reviewed against the inclusion criteria to exclude any that are clearly ineligible. Two reviewers will independently screen all the remaining full texts to identify relevant papers. For studies which meet our inclusion criteria, two reviewers will extract data independently, code for behaviour change techniques and assess quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcome measure will be compliance with desired behaviour. To assess the effect of social norms on the behaviour of health workers, we will perform fixed effects meta-analysis and present forest plots, stratified by behaviour change technique. We will explore sources of variation using meta-regression and may use multi-component-based network meta-analysis to explore which forms of social norms are more likely to be effective, if our data meet the necessary requirements. The study will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of different methods of applying social norms to change the clinical behaviour of health professionals. We will disseminate the research to academics, health workers and members of the public and use the findings from the review to plan future research on the use of social norms with health workers. PROSPERO CRD42016045718. Future protocol changes will be clearly stated in PROSPERO.
Adolescent Peer Influence on Eating Behaviors via Social Media: Scoping Review: Evidenzgrad C, Risk of Bias Unclear, DOI: 10.2196/19697.
Chung, A., Vieira, D., Donley, T., Tan, N., Jean‐Louis, G., Gouley, K. K., & Seixas, A. (2021). Adolescent Peer Influence on Eating Behaviors via Social Media: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.2196/19697
Wichtig: Peer-Einfluss kann gesundheitsförderlich und schädlich wirken.
Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence From a Field Experiment: Evidenzgrad A, Risk of Bias Moderate, DOI: 10.3982/ECTA9508.
Dupas, P. (2014). Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence From a Field Experiment. Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA9508
Wichtig: Kurzfristige Subventionen erhöhten initiale Adoption stark.
Dieser Claim darf in Audit-Reports nur verwendet werden, wenn ein beobachtbares Website-Merkmal, eine passende Regel, eine Funnel-Metrik und ein Evidence Path dokumentiert sind. Ohne diese Bindung bleibt er Review-Kandidat und wird nicht als Empfehlung ausgespielt.
Soziale Normbotschaften können Verhalten beeinflussen, können aber je nach Formulierung auch unerwünschte Normen verstärken. Der Claim ist verifiziert und kann als Evidence Path in Audits genutzt werden, wenn Kontext und beobachtbares Seitenmerkmal passen. Evidenzgrad A.
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